Upper: Lateral view of the permanent teeth
Lower: Lateral view of the deciduous teeth [also known as milk teeth or baby teeth]

The permanent teeth consist of 32 teeth of four different types. There are 16 teeth on each jaw, and each jaw has 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 premolars, and 6 molars (this includes the wisdom teeth, which are shown here)

The smaller mouth of the child only accommodates 20 teeth of three different types. There are 10 teeth on each jaw, and each jaw has 4 incisors, 2 canines, and 4 primary molars. 

Atlas and Text-Book of Dentistry. Gustav Preiswerk, translated by George W. Warren, 1906

teaology:

The Tooth Worm as Hell’s Demon”, southern France, 18th Century; This artistically designed ivory carving is contained in a molar, 10.5 cm in height, which can be separated into two halves of equal size. It opens out into two scenes depicting the infernal torments of toothache as a battle with the “tooth worm”. The legend of the “tooth worm” as the cause of toothache originated in Mesopotamia around 1800 B.C. A legend, in much the same sense as that of the Creation, concerning the origin of the tooth worm is to be found in the inscriptions on ancient tablets from 1800 B.C., and from the New Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods of 650 and 550 B.C.

Fossil Reptiles and Fishes

Fig 1 (the jaw and partial skull) is from the cretaceous-era reptile Mosasaurus hoffmani.

The remainder of the figures (2-18) are “fossil teeth from various types of fishes, principally of the shark and ray families”. The plate-like “teeth” with parallel striations are from the rays. The pointy teeth are from the sharks.

That big ol’ tooth in the center is from Carcharius megalodon - the shark known as “megalodon”. Literally translated from Greek, “megalodon” means “big tooth”. Fitting, eh?

A Pictoral Atlas of Fossil Remains. Gideon Algernon Mandell, 1850.

Cross-section of a human tooth-germ

You can see all the layers of the developing tooth here. All the way to the right (i), you can see the tooth-sac that the developing tooth is surrounded by and nourished by. In the center (f), you can see the developing enamel (though it’s still gelatinous at this point) - h signifies the outer epithelial cells of the enamel, which will comprise the outside of the tooth when it’s fully formed. To the left, b signifies the odontoblasts (the cells that are precursors to the inner tooth structures), and a signifies the tooth-papilla, that the odontoblasts will expand into.

The tooth-germ starts like a cup, basically, and then expands both outward (to form enamel), and inward (to form the dentin and inner structures) at the same time. 

Atlas and Text-Book of Dentistry, Including Diseases of the Mouth. Gustav Preiswerk, 1906.

Cross-section of a young cuspid tooth

Illustrated from serial injected cross-sections. The arteries are colored red, and the veins are colored blue here. Note how vascular such a small structure is during development. If you look at the outside of the tooth, you can see a yellow periphery with lots of individual cells denoted - those are the odontoblasts. The odontoblasts form the layer between the dentin and the pulp, so we can tell that the enamel layer has been omitted from this illustration.

Atlas and Text-Book of Dentistry, Including Diseases of the Mouth. Gustav Preiswerk, 1906.

Position in extracting a tooth from the right upper jaw.

Fun with dentistry!

There are a LOT of different tools that are used for extraction. There was one tool that could do all the different teeth (the dental key), but it was not as effective as having forceps specialized for each area of the mouth.

Atlas and Text-Book of Dentistry Including Diseases of the Mouth. Gustav Preiswerk, 1906.

The horse, and how to tell its age by tooth wear.

The Animal Kingdom. Georges Cuvier, 1834.

Fig 1. Bicuspid with gangrene of pulp
Fig 2. Molar with chronic hypertrophic sarcomatous pulpitis
Fig 3. Incisor with chronic hypertrophic granulomatous pulpitis
Fig 4. Incisor with chronic total purulent pulpitis - Yellow spots are abscess cavities within the destroyed parenchyma
Fig 5. Bicuspid with ascending pulpitis
Fig 6. Wisdom tooth with chronic parenchymatous pulpitis

Atlas and Textbook of Dentistry including Diseases of the Mouth. Dr. Gustav Preiswerk, 1906. Translated and edited by George W. Warren.